System Dynamics
560.657
Homework 4
Problem 1 : SI Model
Recall the epidemic model we discussed in class in which S, I, and R represent populations which are susceptible, infectious, and recovered.
The differential equations of the “flows” are:
Where β = ci , the contact rate [1/time] and the infectivity [dimensionless] respectively. And given that
The equation reduces to (first-order system):
a) Identify the loops involved in the system and draw them.
b) Draw a causal loop diagram of the system
c) Model the system above and provide a table with the variable values and units.
d) Plot S and I vs time; and time
Problem 2: SIR Model
In the SI model, eventually the whole population is infected. The SIR model relaxes that assumptions accounting for the recovered population.
We now have a second-order system (i.e. two coupled differential equations). The first equation is identical to Eq. (1.) while the second is:
Where Y = 1/d , with units of [1/time], and d the inverse of the average duration time of the infection.
a) Draw the causal loop diagram of the system
b) Model the system above and provide a table with the variable values and units.
c) Draw and explain the scope of action (qualitatively and quantitatively) of each loop (use your imagination!).
d) Include a screenshot of the Vensim S&F diagram.
e) Plot S and I vs time; and time
Problem 3: SIRS model
This is the most difficult of the three exercises.
1. Using the SIR model develop in the previous exercise, create a model in which the Recovered individuals loose gradually their immunity (e.g. seasonal influenza , i.e. R individuals return to the S population. Hint: you need to define a new parameter to account for the persons per day that loose immunity.
2. Produce plots: (1) S, I, R vs time, (2) S vs I, and (3) R vs I.
3. Write the equations that you chose for new components of the model.